JAPANESE

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    Specimens of the Euthalia phemius complex. Upper left: E. phemius phemius (Doubleday, 1848)♂. Lower left: E. phemius phemius♀. Upper middle: E. phemius phemius (f. ipona Fruhstorfer, 1913)♂. Lower middle: Euthalia phemius (f. ipona)♀. Upper right: E. phemius euphemia Staudinger, 1896♂. Lower right: intermediate form between phemius and ipona♀

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    Linearized NJ tree of the Euthalia phemius complex based on Kimura's two-parameter model using a combined sequence of two mitochondrial genes. Numbers indicate bootstrap values from NJ (top left) and MP (top right) analyses, and posterior probabilities from Bayesian analysis (bottom). Only bootstrap values >50 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities >0.90 are shown. The classifications of Tsukada (1991) and from Yago et al. (2012) are shown on the right.

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    Geographical distribution of the Euthalia phemius complex. The classification followed Yago et al. (2012). Dots indicate the localities of the 38 samples used in the study

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B24
Euthalia phemius
prior species classification due to deceptive wing markings

The Euthalia phemius complex, which is composed of three SE Asian nymphalid species, Euthalia phemius, E. ipona and E. euphemia, were genetically analyzed by examining mitochondrial and nuclear genes. The three species were also examined morphologically, with particular emphasis on wing markings and male genitalia. As a result, no significant differences among the three species were detected with respect to either genetic distance or genital morphology. Yago et al. (2012) therefore concluded that the three currently recognized Euthalia species belong to a single species. Accordingly E. ipona is synonymized with E. phemius, while E. euphemia is treated as a subspecies of E. phemius. Moreover, divergence times in the E. phemius complex were also analyzed from the DNA sequences. Judging from the linearized tree, the common ancestor of the E. phemius complex appeared about 2.1-2.3 Mya. The divergence age of the ancestral E. phemius phemius and the ancestral E. phemius euphemia was estimated at about 0.5-0.6 Mya. It was inferred that E. phemius was divided into two populations by the formation of the Strait of Malacca between Borneo and the Malay Peninsula, extending from Indochina, perhaps due to a climatic or geographic change. Subsequently, it is considered that the two evolved into the extant E. phemius phemius and E. phemius euphemia, respectively. (Masaya Yago)

References

塚田悦造（編）（1991）『図鑑 東南アジア島嶼の蝶 第5巻 タテハチョウ編（下）』プラパック（松本）。

Yago, M. et al. (2012) Revision of the Euthalia phemius complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on morphology and molecular analyses. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 164: 304–327.

Contents

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